• Though the physiological roles of microglia derived elastase

  2019-12-17

  

  Though the physiological roles of microglia-derived elastases in the CNS are not well understood, their involvement in the metabolism of cholecystokinin [41] and in the processing of plasminogen to produce a low molecular weight plasminogen that enhances neurite outgrowth has been reported [38]. Exp

• To study the effect of DDR inhibition by imatinib nilotinib

  2019-12-17

  

  To study the effect of DDR inhibition by imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib in a cellular environment we generated DDR1 and DDR2 expressing HEK293 cell lines by stable transfection. Of the five DDR1 splice variants we focused on the 1b variant whose over-expression has been associated with pulmonary

• The isolation of a proteinaceous putative inhibitor of cyste

  2019-12-17

  

  The isolation of a proteinaceous putative inhibitor of cysteine proteases from the extracts of Y. enterocolitica and E. coli was performed by affinity chromatography on immobilized and inactivated papain (Fig. 7A). Instead of the column variant of this technique (Tsushima et al., 1992), we used a ba

• HA activates its receptor channels to cause

  2019-12-17

  

  HA activates its receptor channels to cause an inward chloride flux in the insect nervous system (Hardie, 1989). Two genes encoding the subunits of these channels were first identified in D. melanogaster: one previously known as ort (also differently named as hclA, DM-HisCl-α1, hisCl2 and Dm HA-Cl I

• br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion

  2019-12-17

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion A reporter of FGF signaling activity has long been sought to facilitate the quantitative real-time analysis of pathway activity at single-cell resolution. Here we report the generation of a Spry4 reporter allele in ESCs and mice that recapitulates kn

• Finally naringin and hesperidin have different glycosidic mo

  2019-12-17

  

  Finally, naringin and hesperidin have different glycosidic moieties (neohesperidose α-1,2 and rutinose α-1,6 respectively), bound in the same C7 position on the A ring of the flavonoid. The higher value of k/KM of RHA-Phis towards the former substrate suggests that the enzyme shows a preferential hy

• br Diverse functions of ERK pathway Same as

  2019-12-17

  

  Diverse functions of ERK pathway Same as the other MAPK cascades, the ERK pathway is activated by several extracellular stimuli and different internal routes. ERK vitally tunes the function of various substrates in all cellular components; the nucleus, cytoplasm, membranes and the cytoskeleton. E

• br Sources of funding br Disclosures br Acknowledgments br I

  2019-12-17

  

  Sources of funding Disclosures Acknowledgments Introduction Insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells is a fundamental process to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. During glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, high glucose causes closure of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels), sub

• WNV a member of the genus

  2019-12-17

  

  WNV, a member of the genus Flavivirus within the family Flaviviridae, was first isolated in 1937 from a febrile woman in the West Nile region of Uganda (Brinton, 2002). Until 1999, WNV was mainly confined to Southern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, West and Central Asia, Indonesia and Australia. In

• br Introduction Melatonin mainly originates from

  2019-12-17

  

  Introduction Melatonin mainly originates from the pineal gland (Reiter, 1991) and is well known for its physiological functions in the regulation of circadian rhythms (Cajochen et al., 2003) and as a potent free radical scavenger and broad-spectrum antioxidant in mammals (Paradies et al., 2010, T

• Advances in the total chemical synthesis

  2019-12-17

  

  Advances in the total chemical synthesis of ubiquitin have enabled the efficient synthesis of new and improved ubiquitin-based reagents. Using an optimized linear synthesis, ubiquitin can now be easily obtained in high yield and purity [35]. Using this synthetic methodology, ubiquitin can be functi

• br Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans CSPGs are major compone

  2019-12-16

  

  Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are major components of the extracellular matrix in cartilage. Each CSPG comprises a single core protein and attached chondroitin sulfate (CS), belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family of sugar chains. CSPGs and CS are involved in numerous biological and

• br Ultrasonic pretreatment of substrates

  2019-12-16

  

  Ultrasonic pretreatment of substrates Substrate pretreatment is widely used in the biofuel, textile and food industries since the substrates are always difficult to degrade. During some enzymatic hydrolysis reactions, the protective layer of the substrate impedes the reaction. Ultrasonic treatmen

• br Conflict of interest br

  2019-12-16

  

  Conflict of interest Acknowledgements We wish to thank Arantza Pérez (University of the Basque Country) for her technical contribution to this study. This work was supported by grants from the Jesús Gangoiti-Barrera Foundation, Gobierno Vasco (GIC07/84), MEC () and SAIOTEK (SA-2008/00046).

• Despite the differences in the clustering abilities

  2019-12-16

  

  Despite the differences in the clustering abilities of DDR1b versus DDR2 upon ligand administration, we also noted striking similarities in the spatial distribution and phosphorylation of DDR1b-YFP and DDR2-GFP. We show for the first time that in MC3T3-E1 cells, after 4 h of collagen administration,

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